{"id":11720,"date":"2026-04-22T15:57:35","date_gmt":"2026-04-22T15:57:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/traumanet.nl\/?post_type=infotheek&#038;p=11720"},"modified":"2026-04-26T19:51:15","modified_gmt":"2026-04-26T19:51:15","slug":"dsm-criteria-for-ptsd","status":"publish","type":"infotheek","link":"https:\/\/traumanet.nl\/en\/infotheek\/dsm-criteria-voor-ptss\/","title":{"rendered":"DSM criteria for PTSD"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"11720\" class=\"elementor elementor-11720\" data-elementor-post-type=\"infotheek\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43009f9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"43009f9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f42efe5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f42efe5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0110a6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0110a6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>PTSD was first included as a mental disorder in the third edition of the in 1980 <em>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders<\/em> (DSM-III). The diagnostic criteria have been slightly adjusted over the years.<\/strong><\/p><p>The DSM is a classification system used in healthcare in the Netherlands and the United States, among other places, to classify mental disorders. The DSM contains the diagnostic criteria for now over 300 disorders. These criteria must be \u2018met\u2019 in order to officially establish a disorder.<\/p><h2>PTSD in the DSM<\/h2><p>In the DSM-III, PTSD was described at the time as a disorder that develops after someone has a demonstrable <a href=\"https:\/\/traumanet.nl\/en\/information\/what-is-a-traumatic-experience\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">traumatic event<\/a> has experienced or witnessed this, and who is characterized by long-term symptoms of continually reliving the event, avoidance of reminders of the event, and symptoms of anxiety and tension.<\/p><p>Since the DSM-III edition, the diagnostic criteria for PTSD have been adjusted several times. For example, they have now been expanded to include additional symptoms, including negative changes in mood and cognition, and the definition of a traumatic event (the \u2018A-criterion') has also been tightened in the current DSM-5 edition.<\/p><p>What these changes show with each new edition is that thinking about trauma and post-traumatic stress is an ongoing process that has evolved tremendously over the past decades and continues to evolve.<\/p><h2>Diagnostic criteria for PTSD<\/h2><p>The PTSD classification is determined by a psychologist or psychiatrist based on a number of criteria. The first criterion, also known as the \u2018A-criterion\u2019, is crucial. The A-criterion is about establishing the traumatic event. In the DSM-5, this is concisely described as:<\/p><p><em>\u2018Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence.<\/em><\/p><p>It is further described that the A-criterion can be experienced in four different ways:<\/p><ul><li>Experiencing the traumatic event(s) firsthand.<\/li><li>Having been a direct witness to the event(s) that affected another\/others.<\/li><li>Hearing that a traumatic event(s) happened to a close family member or good friend. This must involve a violent event or accident.<\/li><li>Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of traumatic events, for example as a first responder or police officer.<\/li><\/ul><p>In addition to the presence of the A criterion, the following symptoms are also present, which must be present for more than a month:<\/p><ul><li><strong>Intrusions and flashbacks<\/strong>recurrent memories of the event(s) in the form of flashbacks, reliving the experience, or nightmares. This is often accompanied by intense emotional and physical reactions.<\/li><li><strong>Avoidance<\/strong>: or efforts to avoid painful memories, thoughts, or feelings about the traumatic event(s).<\/li><li><strong>Negative feelings and thoughts<\/strong>begun and\/or worsened after the traumatic event. This may include, among other things, depressed mood and feelings of guilt and shame, and problems with attention, concentration, and memory.<\/li><li><strong>Hyperarousal<\/strong>someone constantly feels tense, alert, irritable and\/or startles easily. Sleep and concentration problems are also very common.<\/li><\/ul><p><a href=\"https:\/\/traumanet.nl\/en\/information\/ptsd-symptoms\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a0 \u00a0\u2013&gt; Read more about PTSD symptoms here<\/a><\/p><h2>PTSD with delayed expression<\/h2><p>PTSD can develop immediately after a traumatic event, but it can also arise after a longer period of time. Sometimes even years after a traumatic event has taken place. This is also known as \u2018PTSD with delayed expression.\u2019 Situations later in life can revive memories of earlier trauma, after which PTSD can still develop.\u00a0<\/p><h2>Criticism of the A-criterion<\/h2><p>The \u2018A-criterion\u2019 is a complex criterion: it has been described in slightly different ways across various editions of the DSM, and there is much debate about how strictly a traumatic event should be defined.<\/p><p>In practice, this means that people who have experienced a traumatic event that does not meet the so-called Criterion A sometimes do not receive a PTSD classification, even though they suffer severely from all other post-traumatic stress symptoms. This can subsequently pose a problem for access to (reimbursed) care: without a DSM classification, care is not reimbursed or is only partially reimbursed in the Netherlands.\u00a0<\/p><h2>Complex PTSD (not yet) in the DSM<\/h2><p>Despite the great efforts of many scientists and aid workers to have complex PTSD included as a separate classification in the DSM, this has not happened to date. In the Netherlands, complex PTSD (according to the DSM) cannot yet be officially diagnosed on paper, but in practice it is <a href=\"https:\/\/traumanet.nl\/en\/information\/what-is-complex-ptsd\/\">Complex PTSD<\/a> worked. For instance, there are various treatments specifically for complex PTSD, and a lot of research is also being conducted on it.<\/p><p>In <em>International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems<\/em> (abbreviated as ICD), an alternative classification system used in Germany and the United Kingdom, among other places, does describe \u2018complex post-traumatic stress disorder\u2019.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-889c7d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"889c7d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-990553a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"990553a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b7cfb3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8b7cfb3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a656af e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6a656af\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93aa4ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93aa4ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>More about PTSD<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc2f804 e-transform elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"dc2f804\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:15,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:-15,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-info\" viewbox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M20 424.229h20V279.771H20c-11.046 0-20-8.954-20-20V212c0-11.046 8.954-20 20-20h112c11.046 0 20 8.954 20 20v212.229h20c11.046 0 20 8.954 20 20V492c0 11.046-8.954 20-20 20H20c-11.046 0-20-8.954-20-20v-47.771c0-11.046 8.954-20 20-20zM96 0C56.235 0 24 32.235 24 72s32.235 72 72 72 72-32.235 72-72S135.764 0 96 0z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96c0d75 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"96c0d75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/traumanet.nl\/en\/information\/what-is-ptsd\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewbox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">What is PTSD?<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/traumanet.nl\/en\/information\/ptsd-symptoms\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewbox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">PTSD symptoms<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/traumanet.nl\/en\/faq\/is-trauma-the-same-as-ptsd\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewbox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Is trauma the same as PTSD?<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b492105 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b492105\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0759dc0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0759dc0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d245c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8d245c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Related articles<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f52c66 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"6f52c66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/traumanet.nl\/en\/information\/what-is-complex-ptsd\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewbox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">What is complex PTSD?<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/traumanet.nl\/en\/information\/ptsd-symptoms\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewbox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">PTSD symptoms<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/traumanet.nl\/en\/information\/ptsd-treatment\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewbox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">PTSD treatment<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/traumanet.nl\/en\/information\/misconceptions-ptsd\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewbox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Misunderstandings about PTSD<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/en\/ptsd\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewbox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">All articles about PTSD<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>PTSD was first included as a psychological disorder in the DSM in 1980. The DSM criteria have been slightly adjusted over the years.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":11726,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"give_campaign_id":0},"doelgroep":[12,13],"thema":[51],"class_list":["post-11720","infotheek","type-infotheek","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","doelgroep-iemand-met-trauma","doelgroep-iemand-in-mijn-omgeving-heeft-trauma","thema-cptss"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.5 (Yoast SEO v26.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>DSM-criteria voor PTSS uitgelegd<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"PTSS werd in 1980 voor het eerst als psychische aandoening opgenomen in de DSM. 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